Investigating the Association Between Omega-3 Status and Pneumonia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract RATIONALE: Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The pathophysiology of pneumonia includes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by alveolar macrophages, leading to deleterious effects. Omega-3 fatty acids are known to have anti-inflammatory properties, and long-term omega-3 supplementation has been shown to decrease pneumonia severity in animal models. We hypothesized that higher omega-3 fatty acid levels would be associated with a decreased incidence of pneumonia hospitalization in the general population. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort study, analyzing data from the UK Biobank, which prospectively enrolled participants aged 40 to 69 years from England, Scotland, and Wales between 2006 and 2010. Our exposure of interest was an estimated omega-3 index (eO3I) derived from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis of participant blood samples taken at baseline. eO3I was modeled categorically in quartiles, and continuously with a restricted cubic spline. Our outcome measure was hospitalization with one or more of 35 different ICD-10 codes representing various types of bacterial and viral pneumonia. Participants with complete omega-3 biomarker data to calculate an eO3I were included, and participants who experienced inpatient pneumonia within one year of enrollment were excluded to minimize the risk of reverse causality. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for hospitalization events, adjusting for age, sex, Townsend deprivation index, body mass index, waist circumference, alcohol consumption, smoking, ethnicity, assessment center, diabetes, longstanding illness, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RESULTS: Among the 271781 total participants, the mean (SD) age was 56.5 (8.1) years, and 45.9% were male. The median (IQR) eO3I within the UK Biobank cohort was 6.0% (4.9-7.3). Over a mean follow-up period of 13.2 years, 16896 participants experienced hospitalization for pneumonia. In our fully-adjusted model, with the lowest eO3I quartile serving as the referent, participants had lower risks of pneumonia incidence in the second quartile (HR = 0.90, 95% CI, 0.89-0.92; P <.001), third quartile (HR = 0.82, 95% CI, 0.80-0.84; P <.001), and fourth quartile (HR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.71-0.75; P <.001). When modeled continuously, increasing eO3I was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia (P <.001), however, this association was attenuated at higher eO3I levels. CONCLUSION: Our study identified an inverse association between baseline omega-3 levels and incident pneumonia hospitalizations. These findings support future studies investigating the efficacy of omega-3 supplementation for the prevention of severe pneumonia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".