Trends of Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAMs) in Haidian District, Beijing, 2013-2023
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rationale Congenital pulmonary airway malformations or CPAMs were used to be an rare developmental lung malformations, leading to cystic and/or adenomatous pulmonary areas. Data from previous studies and the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) have both suggested that the true prevalence might be much higher than previously thought and increasing. Understanding the temporal trend of CPAMs and its further harm is important for effective prevention strategies and improvement. The aim of the study is to analyzed the prevalence of CPAM during 2013-2023, and explore its trend and further influence. Methods Following the data from a hospital-based birth-defect surveillance system in Haidian District, Beijing, the prevalence and proportion of CPAM were calculated by sex, gestational weeks, maternal age and outcomes from 2013 to 2023. The prevalence of CPAM and its distribution by demographic information were represented. The chi-square test and Fisher‘s exact test by using SPSS were used to compare the prevalence of CPAM. All data analyses were using SPSS, R studio and Joinpoint software. Results A total of 386,321 births were enrolled and 123 CPAM cases recorded in the district during 2013-2023. The average prevalence was 3.18/10,000 during the period, which was 2 times more than Europe, and showed an ridge-like increasing trend (APC = 6.60%, p = 0.06). Classified by the disease position, prevalence of CPAM in left lung showed a slightly fluctuate in the decade, but the prevalence of CPAM in right lung showed an significant increasing trend (APC = 17.48%, p = 0.004). Proportion of death by termination was also decreased during the same time, which has gradually approached the level of Europe. Considering that some type of CPAMs may have the possibility of carcinogenesis, although more fetuses were able to survive, the further follow-up would be more crucial for them. Conclusion Nowadays, with improving the prenatal and immediate postnatal care and maternal education of CPAMs, more and more CPAM were diagnosed prenatally and follow-up in Beijing. Due to effective surgery, more and more CPAM were surviving, but the risk of malignancy development remains the most worrying factor for doctors. After all, from a global perspective, this kind of disease was not monitored officially at first until early 1990 by Canada and Europe, so continuous monitoring the prognosis of CPAM is crucial for public health. We should strengthen follow-up and related examinations (including CT, lung function test and so on) for neonates of CPAMs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".