The Spectrum of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Individuals With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Research on psychiatric comorbidity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has focused mostly on anxiety and depression. This study aimed to describe the spectrum of psychiatric disorders experienced by individuals with IBD and their overlap. Methods Participants were enrolled in a prospective 3-year longitudinal study that assessed psychiatric comorbidity in immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID-IV), as the DSM-IV was the prevailing classification at the time of study design. Diagnosis was aligned with DSM-5 categorization where possible with available data. Psychiatric burden was categorized as no psychiatric conditions, 1, 2 or 3 or more psychiatric conditions. Results Of 154 IBD participants (62%female, 63% Crohn’s disease) 57% had at least one psychiatric comorbidity with 27% having >1 psychiatric diagnosis. The prevalence was major depressive disorder (MDD, 41.7%), anxiety disorders (39.6%; grouped as per DSM-5), substance use disorder (SUD, 16.2%), posttraumatic stress disorder (5.3%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (4.9%), and bipolar disorder (2.0%). Of participants with MDD and a comorbid psychiatric disorder, nearly half had SUD. Of those with >1 psychiatric disorder >70% had MDD and a comorbid anxiety disorder. Persons with ≥1 psychiatric comorbidity were more likely to be current smokers (P < .001) and to have higher IBD disease activity scores (P = .005) than those without a psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusions Over half of adults with IBD had >1 diagnosed psychiatric comorbidity from a range of 10 different psychiatric disorders identified. Further research should assess the temporal relationship of IBD and the various psychiatric presentations to better understand the trajectory of co-occurrence, and therapy which may concurrently address the psychiatric disorder and the IBD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".