Association Between Household Livestock Ownership and Stunting in Children Younger Than 5 Years in Central Rural India: Protocol for a Case-Control Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In resource-constrained environments where malnutrition in children is common, people coexist closely with livestock. Undernutrition, which can result in stunting, wasting, and being underweight, is still a major public health issue for children in India. Livestock serves as a direct source of protein through animal-source foods such as meat, milk, and eggs, which significantly reduce undernutrition in children younger than 5 years. The association between livestock ownership and stunting in children has not been explored well in Maharashtra, India. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the relationship between stunting among children younger than 5 years in central India and livestock ownership by using the Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) score. METHODS: A community-based, case-control study will be conducted for 12 months among 614 children aged 6-59 months in a few rural blocks of Wardha district, Maharashtra. A predesigned semistructured questionnaire will collect data from the informant (either parent). Anthropometric measurements will be plotted on World Health Organization (WHO) standard growth charts for z scores for stunting and wasting. TLU will be used to represent the livestock count of all species. The categorical variables (stunted and nonstunted) will be analyzed using the Fisher exact test to find significant associations between different risk factors. All confounding variables will be analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Associated risks will be identified and tabulated using the odds ratio with confidence intervals. RESULTS: This study protocol will provide a comprehensive understanding of the associations of livestock ownership with childhood stunting and wasting among children aged 6-59 months in central rural India. This study will be conducted from October 2025 to September 2026. Currently, necessary approvals are obtained, and data collection is planned to begin from November 2025 to May 2026. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings will show the prevalence of the current stunting, wasting, and underweight rates among Indian children younger than 5 years and the association of these rates with livestock ownership by using the TLU index. These results will be instrumental in building new public health policies, integrated programs, and nutritional interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2024/05/066865; https://tinyurl.com/y3zvh5t7. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/66576.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".