Structural Build-Up of Cement Pastes: A Comprehensive Overview and Key Research Directions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The advancement of modern concretes, such as printable concrete, fluid concrete with adapted rheology, and ultra-high-performance concrete, has increased the importance of understanding structural build-up in cement-based materials. This process, which describes the time-dependent evolution of rheological properties, is a key factor to ensure the stability of concrete by influencing segregation, bleeding, formwork pressure, numerical modeling, and multi-layer casting. As a result, the structural build-up of cementitious materials has become a significant area of research in recent years. The structural build-up of cement based-materials results from both a reversible part (thixotropic behavior), driven by colloidal interactions, and an irreversible part, caused by cement hydration and the formation of C-S-H bridges. Various experimental techniques have been developed to investigate these processes, with various factors affecting the thixotropic behavior and overall structural build-up of cement suspensions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current understanding of structural build-up in cement pastes. It covers measurement methods and key influencing factors, including the water-to-binder ratio (w/b), admixtures, temperature, and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). By consolidating the existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, this review aims to contribute to the development of sustainable, high-performance cement-based materials suitable for modern construction techniques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".