Transcriptional and epigenetic dynamics of sex determining gene PdFERR and MADS-box related genes during flower development in Populus deltoides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Manipulation of genes controlling sex differentiation, flower development, and flowering in poplar is pivotal to shortening the juvenile phase for a speed breeding system or eliminate flowering to reduce the dispersions of polluting pollens and hairy seeds. The sex-determining gene (PtARR17/PdFERR) and some core transcriptional regulators, such as the MADS-box gene AGMOUS, have been identified in Populus. However, the interactions among them have not been explored well. Here, we integrated RNA-seq, small RNA-seq, and Bisulfite-seq to characterize the dynamics of regulatory genes at multiple levels. Ninety-six MADS-box genes were identified, which can be grouped into 6 clusters based on expression level. The E-class genes exhibited diverse expression patterns, suggesting differentiated regulatory roles. Through deep sequencing, 236 miRNAs targeting more than 4500 genes were annotated. Eight MADS-box genes were predicted as direct targets of miRNAs. At the genome level, DNA methylation at stage T2 is higher than in the later stages. More than 10K genes were differentially methylated between female and male flower buds, indicating the significant regulatory roles of DNA methylation in flower differentiation. The MADS-box-centered regulatory network consists of co-expressed transcription factors, and miRNA genes were constructed. The correlations between PdFERR and transcription factors, including MADS-box genes and other environment-responsive genes, provide clues to understand the labile sex expression. Our study provides candidate genes for engineering of flower development process for trait improvement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".