Effects of Multiple Microwave Soldering Cycles on Corrosion Behavior and Conductivity of Lead-free Solder Joints
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solder joints are crucial in modern electronics to ensure electrical connectivity and mechanical stability. The specific problem lies in determining how repeated reflow cycles (e.g., microwave soldering) influence intermetallic compounds (IMC) morphology and thickness, how these changes affect the electrical properties of solder joints, and how the solder joints perform under corrosive conditions. Thus, this study investigates the effects of four-cycle microwave soldering on the formation and growth of IMCs and their impact on solder joints' electrical and corrosion properties. Specifically, Sn-35Bi-0.3Ag and Sn-35Bi-1.0Ag solder alloys on ENImAg surface finishes were analysed. Key findings reveal that after four cycles of microwave soldering, IMC thickness increased from 2.85 μm to 7.11 μm for Sn-35Bi-0.3Ag and from 6.97 μm to 11.92 μm for Sn-35Bi-1.0Ag. Corrosion behaviour in a 6M KOH alkaline solution showed a rise in corrosion current for Sn-35Bi-0.3Ag from 0.2623 μA to 1.0993 μA and for Sn-35Bi-1.0Ag from 0.278 μA to 1.6627 μA, with corresponding corrosion rates of 0.6387 mm/yr and 0.9660 mm/yr, respectively. The results highlight a balance between IMC growth, electrical performance, and corrosion resistance, with Sn-35Bi-0.3Ag offering superior electrical performance despite thermal exposure. These findings provide critical insights for optimising soldering processes and enhancing the reliability of electronic assemblies with applications in advanced manufacturing and product lifecycle management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".