Flexible Bronchoscopy in Neonates With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Flexible bronchoscopy (FB) may facilitate ECMO and ventilator weaning through diagnosing airway anomalies and removal of mucous plugs in the critically-ill pediatric population. Only few studies on FB in critically-ill neonates exist, and even fewer focus on neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) requiring extracorporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This study aims to evaluate the risk and benefit of FB in infants with CDH. METHODS: A retrospective review of CDH infants treated at a specialized single center between October 2019 and August 2024 was conducted. Baseline characteristics were compared between patients with and without FB. Procedural indications, findings and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 142 newborns were analyzed. Infants requiring FB (n = 29, 20.4%) exhibited an overall higher disease burden (lower observed-to-expected lung-to-head ratio [p < 0.001), liver herniation (p = 0.002), ECMO (p < 0.001), defect size (p = 0.042), congenital anomalies (p = 0.019), heart defects (p = 0.010)]. The primary indications for the total 56 FBs were prolonged weaning and pulmonary hemorrhage. The most common complication was self-resolved hypoxemia (16.1%). Bronchial casts were found in 31.6%. Tracheo-/bronchomalacia was diagnosed in 16 infants (55.2%). Postprocedural chest Xrays were mostly unchanged (61.9%). A trend to achieve higher tidal volumes post-FB (p = 0.090) with similar peak inspiratory pressures (p = 0.917) was noted. CONCLUSIONS: In critically-ill neonates with CDH, FB was safe, with a high diagnostic and potential therapeutic yield. The necessity for FB may be an additional indicator of CDH disease severity. Further research is needed to establish uniform assessment metrics and explore other modalities such as electrical impedance tomography or lung ultrasound in the context of FB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".