Comparative metabolomics of two nettle species unveils distinct high-altitude adaptation mechanisms on the Tibetan Plateau
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The extreme high-altitude conditions of the Tibetan Plateau, characterized by intense solar radiation, low temperatures, and reduced oxygen levels, poses significant challenges to plant survival. Plants inhabiting this region have evolved specialized mechanisms to adapt to high-altitude environments. While most studies have focused on genomic and ecological perspectives, few have explored adaptive mechanisms in a metabolic context. In particular, comparative studies examining similarities and differences in the metabolomes of closely related species are exceedingly rare. As sister species, the nettle species Urtica hyperborea and U. dioica are distributed above 4000 m above sea level, with a sympatric distribution on the Tibetan Plateau, they provide an ideal system to investigate the aforementioned question. RESULTS: In this study, we conducted non-targeted metabolic profiling of the leaves from U. hyperborea and U. dioica collected at three sympatric sites on the Tibetan Plateau. A total of 2906 annotated metabolites were detected. Differential metabolites at Sites 1 (4697 m) and 3 (4465 m) were enriched in pathways for flavonoid, flavone and flavonol, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. In contrast, Site 2, located at the highest altitude (5007 m), primarily exhibited enrichment in carbon metabolism pathways. Regarding the altitudinal variation of the same species, common metabolic pathways between the two groups included fructose and mannose metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. The metabolic pathways enriched only inU. hyperboreaincluded starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The metabolically enriched pathways specific toU. dioicaincluded pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis, as well as glutathione metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the metabolic differences between the two sympatric species are primarily in carbohydrate and phenylpropanoid contents. The differential metabolites of the same species across different altitudes were enriched mainly in carbon metabolism pathways and lipid metabolism pathways. Thus, our study revealed that the high-altitude adaptation mechanisms of sympatric species are not identical. Moreover, adaptation strategies within the same species were generally consistent across altitudes, exhibiting only slight variations. This study provide novel insights into the adaptive metabolic strategies of U. hyperborea and U. dioica, contributing to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to extreme high-altitude conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".