P-y curve models for laterally loaded lattice-shaped diaphragm wall as sea-crossing bridge foundations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lattice-shaped diaphragm walls (LSDWs) are novel foundation systems increasingly used in large-span, deep-water bridges for their exceptional rigidity, cost-efficiency, and adaptability to diverse geotechnical and marine environments. Despite their growing adoption, the lateral load-bearing behavior of LSDWs remains insufficiently studied. The p-y curve method is a widely used approach for analyzing the lateral behavior of deep foundations, relating lateral soil resistance to horizontal displacement. However, conventional p-y curve models, developed primarily for pile foundations, are not directly applicable to LSDWs due to differences in structural configuration and load transfer mechanisms. To address this gap, this study develops improved p-y curve models for single-chamber LSDWs, derived from comprehensive numerical simulations under horizontal static loads in cohesive and sandy soils. The models incorporate foundation dimension and depth effects, accurately predicting ultimate soil resistance and initial subgrade reaction modulus. Validation against published field tests and experimental data confirms their high accuracy in capturing lateral soil-structure interactions. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design and analysis of LSDW foundations in marine bridge construction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".