Incidence, Prognostic Factors, and Treatment Impact on Survival in Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma: Population-Based Study in the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) is a rare malignancy of mature natural killer/T-cells, predominantly found in Asian and South/Central American populations, with limited studies conducted in Europe and the United States. Objective: The aim of this study is to present an overview of the incidence rate, demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment options, overall survival (OS), and factors influencing OS of NKTL in the United States. Methods: We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 17 database to analyze NKTL cases recorded between 2000 and 2020. In a cohort of 1162 patients with NKTL, we calculated the incidence rates and performed statistical analyses to evaluate OS, the effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on survival, and lymphoma-specific survival. Results: The mean annual incidence rate of NKTL in the United States was 0.067 per 100,000, with higher rates observed in men compared to women, and an increase noted with age. However, there has been no significant rise in incidence over recent years. Significant racial disparities were observed, with higher incidence rates in non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islanders and Hispanic people. The median survival time for patients with NKTL was 21 months, with a 5-year OS rate of 39.5%, which has shown improvement in recent years. Key independent prognostic factors impacting patient survival included age at diagnosis, clinical stage, nasal type presentation, presence of systemic symptoms, and treatment modality. Patients receiving combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy exhibited the best outcomes, with a median OS of 138 months and a 5-year OS rate of 58%. This survival benefit remained consistent even in patients with stage I/localized nasal type lymphoma, achieving a 5-year OS rate of 73.3%. Conclusions: The incidence of NKTL has remained stable in recent years. Patients with the nasal type generally experience better survival outcomes. The use of combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy appears to enhance survival, though further validation through prospective multicenter clinical trials is necessary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".