Analysis of Gut-Homing Receptors in Circulating Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and Their Presence in Synovial Tissue From Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Mucosal-Associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been identified as being involved in the pathophysiology of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). We aimed to further investigate the phenotype of circulating MAIT cells in patients with axSpA by assessing the expression of an activation marker and Gut-Homing receptors, as well as the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockade. The presence of MAIT cells in synovial biopsies from patients with axSpA was also studied. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 26 patients with axSpA (11 radiographic, 15 nonradiographic) and 27 healthy controls (HCs). Frequency of Vα7.2+CD161+ MAIT cells was determined in both the axSpA and HC groups. Expression of CD69, CCR9, and CD49d on MAIT cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. The presence of MAIT cells was examined in synovial biopsy samples from 3 patients with axSpA and compared to synovial biopsies from 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 4 with osteoarthritis by confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Patients with axSpA were characterized by a higher frequency of CD3+ and CD8+ MAIT cells expressing CD69, CCR9, and CD49d, especially in the radiographic subgroup. MAIT cells were detected in a synovial biopsy sample from 1 patient with axSpA. After TNF blockade, a decrease in the frequency of MAIT cells and TNF/interleukin 17A-producing MAIT cells was observed. CONCLUSION: MAIT cells were activated and expressed Gut-Homing receptors, indicating their potential involvement in the gut-joint axis in axSpA. MAIT cell frequency and function were reduced by TNF blockade. MAIT cells could be found in synovial tissue in patients with axSpA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".