MRS demonstrates elevated brain glutathione in vascular mild cognitive impairment compared to cognitively normal coronary artery disease controls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in dementia. While elevated peripheral OS biomarkers were observed in vascular mild cognitive impairment (vMCI), the role of central antioxidants remains unclear. We assessed levels of the major brain antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in vMCI compared to cognitively normal coronary artery disease (CAD) controls (CN). METHODS: In vivo tissue-corrected GSH in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and occipital cortex (OC) were quantified in persons with vMCI and CN using MEscher-GArwood Point RESolved magnetic resonance Spectroscopy. RESULTS: Among participants (vMCI, n = 22, age [mean ± SD] = 67.4 ± 7.3; CN, n = 21, age = 66.7 ± 7.8), ACC-GSH (i.u. ± SD) was higher in vMCI (4.42 ± 0.59) versus CN (3.72 ± 1.01) (Z = -2.5, p = .01), even after controlling for age and sex (B [SE] = 0.74 [0.26], p = .007). Increased ACC-GSH correlated with poorer executive function (EF) (B [SE] = -0.31 [0.14], p = .04). OC-GSH showed no effect. DISCUSSION: Higher ACC-GSH in vMCI may reflect a compensatory response to OS. ACC-GSH was negatively correlated with EF, suggesting a linkage between regional brain antioxidants and disease-relevant cognitive domains. HIGHLIGHTS: Brain GSH was measured in vascular MCI and matched controls using MEGA-PRESS. In contrast to GSH deficits in AD, anterior cingulate GSH was elevated in vMCI. Brain GSH was correlated with disease-relevant cognitive domains in vMCI. The GSH antioxidant system may be etiologically implicated in vMCI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".