Heart rate variability and heart rate asymmetry in adolescents with major depressive disorder during nocturnal sleep period
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although reduced heart rate variability (HRV) has been observed in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD), substantial between-study heterogeneity and conflicting outcomes exist. Moreover, few studies have investigated heart rate asymmetry (HRA) features despite the high sensitivity of nonlinear indices to heart rate fluctuations. This study aimed to investigate the variations in HRV measures, especially the nonlinear features of HRA, among adolescents with MDD during the nocturnal sleep period. Adolescents with MDD and healthy controls completed the clinical assessment of depressive symptom severity and sleep quality followed by a three-night sleep electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. Traditional time-domain and frequency-domain HRV measures, nonlinear HRA measures, and the prevalence of different HRA forms and HRA compensation were calculated. A total of 61 participants with 154 nocturnal ECG time series were available for analysis. Vagally-mediated HRV measures, such as RMSSD, PNN50, and HF, as well as C1 d were statistically lower in clinically depressed adolescents compared with healthy controls, whereas C2 d was significantly higher. A substantial decrease in the prevalence of short-term HRA, long-term HRA, and the corresponding compensation effect were also observed. In contrast to the medium to large effect sizes observed in traditional HRV indices, nonlinear HRA features showed extremely large effect sizes in discriminating MDD (C1 d : Cohen’s d = − 1.38; C2 d : Cohen’s d = 1.11), and exhibited a statistical correlation with the severity of depression (C1 d : rho = − 0.269; C2 d : rho = 0.243). Moreover, there were no significant differences in the distributions of nocturnal HRA measures collected over various nights. Adolescents with MDD suffered a significant decrease in vagal tone compared to healthy controls, and the features focusing on the directionality of heart rate variations may provide further information on cardiac autonomic activity associated with depression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".