In Utero Exposure to Maternal Hyperglycemia and Offspring Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Are Independently Associated With Risk of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Youth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We tested associations of type 2 diabetes genetic risk score (T2D-GRS) and exposure to maternal hyperglycemia with childhood impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and T2D and glycemic outcomes in youth from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-Up Study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We calculated T2D-GRS using 1,150 known genetic variants associated with T2D in adults. In utero exposures included gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and sum-of-glucose z scores during oral glucose tolerance test at ∼28 weeks' gestation. IGT + T2D and continuous glycemic outcomes were measured when children were 10-14 years old. RESULTS: In 3,444 children (mean age, 11.4 years), higher maternal sum-of-glucose z scores and child T2D-GRS were both associated with higher glucose levels. In children exposed to GDM and with T2D-GRS >75th percentile, 15.9% had IGT + T2D, compared with 5.6% in nonexposed children. CONCLUSIONS: High genetic risk for diabetes and in utero exposure to maternal hyperglycemia are additively associated with IGT + T2D and glycemic outcomes in youth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".