Isoenergetic reduction of dietary macronutrients affects body composition, physical activity, and post-prandial hormone responses in lean and obese cats fed to maintain body weight
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction High consumption of dietary carbohydrates (nitrogen-free extract, NFE) in extruded dry foods is postulated as a risk factor for feline obesity, though evidence is limited. This study utilized a three-test diet approach to isolate the effect of each macronutrient on body composition, voluntary physical activity, and serum satiety hormone response in lean and obese cats. Materials and methods A pairwise isoenergetic reduction as % metabolizable energy (ME, using modified Atwater) of dietary macronutrients created a low-protein (LP; protein = 28%, fat = 40%, NFE = 32%ME), low-fat (LF; protein = 40%, fat = 30%, NFE = 30%ME), and low-carbohydrate (LC; protein = 36%, fat = 41%, NFE = 23%ME) diet. Cats (lean n = 9; obese n = 9) were fed the LP, LF, or LC diet to maintain body weight for 4-weeks in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Voluntary physical activity was measured from day 15–21. On day 23, body composition was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. On day 24, blood was collected for fasted and 6-h post-prandial serum satiety hormones. Data were analysed using SAS Studio via proc. GLIMMIX with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Greater lean soft tissue mass was observed for LF compared to LP and LC (p = 0.0101) though no other changes in body composition were observed. Daily food intake (g/d) differed among diets (LP: 56.14 ± 0.56; LF: 59.52 ± 0.59; LC: 56.50 ± 0.56; p = 0.0003) though energy intake (kcal/d) was similar (LP: 218.47 ± 2.32; LF: 220.42 ± 2.34; LC: 225.37 ± 2.39; p = 0.1076). Voluntary physical activity was similar for lean and obese cats (p = 0.4025). LP cats exhibited less physical activity during dark hours compared to LF and LC (p = 0.0155). No body condition effect was observed for serum leptin or ghrelin (p = 0.6243 and p = 0.6747). Obese cats on LP exhibited a lower serum leptin iAUC compared to obese cats on LC (PBC*Diet = 0.0093). Post-prandial serum ghrelin decreased in all cats whereas serum peptide YY (PYY) increased at 1-, 2-, and 3-h post-prandial (PTime = 0.0094 and PTime = 0.0050). Serum ghrelin was lower at 6-h post-prandial (PDiet*Time = 0.0030) and serum PYY was greater at 1-h post-prandial (PDiet*Time = 0.0086) for LC. Discussion Overall, the LP, LF, and LC diets were not associated with differences in most parameters, supporting that cats are metabolically flexible if nutrient requirements are met. There may be benefits regarding satiety hormone responses to a LC diet in cats though more research is required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".