1410 Effect of CPAP on Cognitive Fog in Post COVID Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Cognitive fog is a frequent complaint among patients suffering from post-COVID Condition, reported in up to 60% of patients. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) commonly co-occurs in post-COVID Condition and may exacerbate symptoms. We sought to evaluate if treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)decreases cognitive fog in post-COVID patients with OSA. Methods Patients with post COVID Condition, as per World Health Organization criteria, with self-reported symptoms of cognitive fog and diagnosed with OSA were recruited. They underwent neuropsychological testing to evaluate processing speed with Trail-Making Task A and Digit Symbol Substitution; executive function with the Stroop, Trail Making Task B, and digit span; semantic and categorical fluency; spatial memory assessed with the Benson complex figure task; and global cognition assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at baseline and 4±2 weeks after starting CPAP. Results Among 14 patients who completed the study, the mean age was 48.5 ±14.5 yrs, 57% were women, 14% were Black, median AHI was 12 (12;27), mean BMI was 34.3±10.1, and the mean nightly CPAP use was 5.8±2.6 hours. Cognitive function improved with CPAP on the following tests: Digit Symbol Substitution (post CPAP 60.9±2.7 vs baseline 53.6±2.9, p=0.01), Stroop color test (75.2±3.6 vs 66.9±2.1, p< 0.01), Stroop color-word test (46.9±3.3 vs 41.6±3.0, p< 0.01), Benson complex figure-delayed (13.9±0.6 vs 12.3±0.5, p=0.047). In addition, patients reported improvements on PROMIS cognitive function (26.7±2.1 vs 17±1.6, p< 0.01), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (5.9±1.2 vs 10.5±1.1, p< 0.01), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) (12.4±1.5 vs 18.9±1.2, p< 0.01), and the stress (12.6±2.3 vs 18.3±3.1, p< 0.01) and depression (10.3±1.9 vs 14.7±1.9, p=0.01) subscales of the Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale-21. Changes in PROMIS cognitive score (r=0.63, p=0.02) and Trial Making test A (r=-0.58, p=0.048) were correlated to the duration of nightly CPAP use. Conclusion Our findings suggest screening and treating comorbid OSA among patients with post-COVID Condition can improve cognitive fog. Support (if any) This study is supported by the Breathe Pennsylvania Foundation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".