Inuit and Empire: The Hudson’s Bay Company, “Native Welfare” in Arctic Canada and Labrador, and The Eskimo Book of Knowledge (1925–1931)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Historians have not examined the Hudson’s Bay Company’s (HBC) “Native Welfare” program undertaken by its Development Department from 1926 to 1931, and the work of George Binney, who consolidated the company’s humanitarian and health initiatives in these years into a London-directed social engineering program. His book, The Eskimo Book of Knowledge , published by the HBC in 1931 in both English and Inuktitut, and Native Welfare itself, was largely developed to address problems perceived in the company’s newly acquired Moravian mission trade, but discursively, the health, welfare and social programming it advanced targeted all Inuit in Canada’s north. Similar to other corporate welfare programs developed by firms in North America and Europe, Native Welfare attempted to raise the health, morale and productivity of Inuit. But Binney’s book encouraged Inuit to self-identify as citizens of the British Empire. The HBC’s Native Welfare likely supported if not provided the ideological foundations of the Canadian state’s interventionist development programs in the Arctic after World War II.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.023 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".