A systematic review of stress reduction interventions among graduate students
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To provide a synthesis of stress reduction interventions available to graduate students since the end of the previous review published by Stillwell et al. in 2017. Participants: Graduate students in North America. Methods: Eligible studies: (1) were peer-reviewed and published between 2016–2024; (2) involved master’s, doctoral, professional, or post-graduate students; (3) assessed interventions to reduce stress; (4) gauged participants’ perceived stress levels pre- and post-intervention; and (5) were conducted in North America. Results: Twenty-nine studies (representing 1,919 students) were included and the majority of included studies implemented multi-component interventions, with mindfulness, breathing techniques, and physical activity being the most commonly included components. Twelve studies demonstrated significant reductions in perceived stress associated with their interventions, all of which used at least two components. Conclusions: The findings suggest that multi-pronged interventions can positively impact perceived stress among graduate students. However, further research is needed to identify the most effective approaches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".