Current etiology of hypertension in European children — factors associated with primary hypertension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: While hypertension (HT) in pediatric patients is often secondary (SH), recent trends show a rise in primary hypertension (PH), which is associated with an increasing global prevalence of obesity. A relationship between serum uric acid and PH has also been suggested. Our study aimed to assess the etiology of HT and factors associated with PH in a large European cohort of children referred for HT based on office blood pressure (BP) measurements. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 2008 children aged 0-18 years (12.3 ± 4.9 years) diagnosed with HT. Patients were classified into white coat hypertension (WCH), PH, or SH groups based on office BP, 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and clinical evaluation. Anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical data were collected. RESULTS: Out of 2008 patients included in the analysis, 200 (10%) were excluded due to multifactorial HT diagnosis after kidney transplantation (KTx). Among the remaining patients HT was confirmed in 1260 (548 were classified as WCH). Of 1260 patients with HT: 49.3% had PH, while 50.7% SH, mainly secondary to renal parenchymal disease (43.5% of SH patients), aortic coarctation (20.7%), and renovascular HT (18%). Age > 12.5 years, obesity (BMI SDS (standard deviation score) ≥ 1.65), and serum uric acid > 4.8 mg/dL were identified as significant factors associated with PH. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides valuable insights into the current etiology of pediatric HT and highlights the role of age, obesity, and uric acid level in the diagnosis of PH in children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".