Current etiology of hypertension in European children — factors associated with primary hypertension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: While hypertension (HT) in pediatric patients is often secondary (SH), recent trends show a rise in primary hypertension (PH), which is associated with an increasing global prevalence of obesity. A relationship between serum uric acid and PH has also been suggested. Our study aimed to assess the etiology of HT and factors associated with PH in a large European cohort of children referred for HT based on office blood pressure (BP) measurements. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 2008 children aged 0-18 years (12.3 ± 4.9 years) diagnosed with HT. Patients were classified into white coat hypertension (WCH), PH, or SH groups based on office BP, 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and clinical evaluation. Anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical data were collected. RESULTS: Out of 2008 patients included in the analysis, 200 (10%) were excluded due to multifactorial HT diagnosis after kidney transplantation (KTx). Among the remaining patients HT was confirmed in 1260 (548 were classified as WCH). Of 1260 patients with HT: 49.3% had PH, while 50.7% SH, mainly secondary to renal parenchymal disease (43.5% of SH patients), aortic coarctation (20.7%), and renovascular HT (18%). Age > 12.5 years, obesity (BMI SDS (standard deviation score) ≥ 1.65), and serum uric acid > 4.8 mg/dL were identified as significant factors associated with PH. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides valuable insights into the current etiology of pediatric HT and highlights the role of age, obesity, and uric acid level in the diagnosis of PH in children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".