Spatial Trends and Health Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in San Francisco Bay Fish from 2009 to 2019
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Consumption of contaminated food, especially seafood, is a key source of human perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure. Here, we examine the occurrence of PFAS in shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus), and seven other sport fish from San Francisco Bay, California, U.S. over a decade of monitoring to assess the potential risks from dietary exposures. In fish collected in 2009, 2014, and 2019, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was predominantly detected at levels exceeding PFOS consumption advisory thresholds established in other U.S. states. The southern regions of San Francisco Bay have been especially impacted, with over 80% of samples above the strictest U.S. PFOS consumption advisory threshold set in Massachusetts (for one eight-ounce serving a week) at 3.5 ng/g (detected range: 2.0-18 ng/g ww) compared to only 8% in the other subembayments (detected range: 0.59-8.5 ng/g ww). An additional 19 PFAS were detected, with particularly elevated levels of 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (7:3 FTCA) found in several species and sites, representing the first observations in marine fish globally. These findings indicate the need to consider a wider range of PFAS in assessing dietary exposure risks and environmental impacts.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it