Effects of fortifying a meal with oyster mushroom powder on subsequent ad libitum energy intake, gastric emptying, selected gastrointestinal hormones and appetite sensations in adults with overweight/obesity: A double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of fortifying a meal with β-glucan-rich oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus [P.o.]) powder on subsequent ad libitum energy intake and potential mechanisms modulating food intake. In a double-blind randomized, crossover trial, 36 adults consumed a meal enriched with 20 g P.o. powder (EN) or not (control, CON). Before and within 240 min afterward, gastric emptying, biochemical parameters (peptide YY, cholecystokinin, short-chain fatty acids) and appetite sensations were determined. Ad libitum energy intake was assessed after 240 min (second meal test). Gastric emptying was delayed after EN vs. CON (lag-time: P = 0.028; half-emptying time: P < 0.001). For biochemical parameters, appetite sensations and subsequent ad libitum energy intake, no treatment effect was detectable (all P ≥ 0.05). Meal fortification with 20 g P.o . powder delays gastric emptying but an effect on ad libitum energy intake could not be detected under the experimental conditions applied. Trial Registration Registration at the German Clinical Trials Register; DRKS-ID: DRKS00031958; registration date: 25/05/2023. https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00031958
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".