Effects of fortifying a meal with oyster mushroom powder on subsequent ad libitum energy intake, gastric emptying, selected gastrointestinal hormones and appetite sensations in adults with overweight/obesity: A double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of fortifying a meal with β-glucan-rich oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus [P.o.]) powder on subsequent ad libitum energy intake and potential mechanisms modulating food intake. In a double-blind randomized, crossover trial, 36 adults consumed a meal enriched with 20 g P.o. powder (EN) or not (control, CON). Before and within 240 min afterward, gastric emptying, biochemical parameters (peptide YY, cholecystokinin, short-chain fatty acids) and appetite sensations were determined. Ad libitum energy intake was assessed after 240 min (second meal test). Gastric emptying was delayed after EN vs. CON (lag-time: P = 0.028; half-emptying time: P < 0.001). For biochemical parameters, appetite sensations and subsequent ad libitum energy intake, no treatment effect was detectable (all P ≥ 0.05). Meal fortification with 20 g P.o . powder delays gastric emptying but an effect on ad libitum energy intake could not be detected under the experimental conditions applied. Trial Registration Registration at the German Clinical Trials Register; DRKS-ID: DRKS00031958; registration date: 25/05/2023. https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00031958
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".