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Record W4410580418 · doi:10.3138/cpp.2024-044

Where Do Canadians Patent? Implications for Canada's Optimal Patent Regime

2025· article· fr· W4410580418 on OpenAlexaffvenueabout
Joël Blit, Christopher Earle

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Public Policy · 2025
Typearticle
Languagefr
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicIntellectual Property and Patents
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Waterloo
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPatent trollPatent lawBusinessEconomic geographyEconomicsPolitical scienceIntellectual propertyLaw

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Les chercheurs examinent l'endroit où les Canadiens font breveter leurs inventions au moyen de la base de données statistiques des brevets mondiaux (PATSTAT Global) qui contient le dépôt de plus de 90 bureaux de brevet dans le monde. Des 11 690 inventions canadiennes, près des trois quarts (73,5 %) sont déposés aux États-Unis, par rapport à 55,9 % au Canada et 24,7 % à l'Office européen des brevets (EPO). Un peu plus de la moitié des inventions sont déposées dans un seul bureau, particulièrement les États-Unis, tandis que les autres le sont dans 37 bureaux différents. Les chercheurs ont également découvert qu'un nombre démesuré d'inventions déposées au Canada ont tendance à être de moins bonne qualité, dans des secteurs peu technologiques et dans les industries où l'intensité de la R&D est plus faible. Pour les inventeurs canadiens, les résultats indiquent que la plupart des mesures incitatives pour innover liées aux brevets proviennent de l'extérieur du pays, ce qui laisse supposer que le Canada devrait se diriger vers un régime de brevets minimal. Conformément à cette perspective, les chercheurs remarquent que le bureau des brevets du Canada est l'un des plus sélectifs, puisqu'il n'en délivre que 42,3 %.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.006
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.031
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.903
Threshold uncertainty score0.700

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0060.031
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0040.005
Science and technology studies0.0100.004
Scholarly communication0.0120.004
Open science0.0020.002
Research integrity0.0040.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0180.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.098
GPT teacher head0.237
Teacher spread0.139 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

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Same venueCanadian Public PolicySame topicIntellectual Property and PatentsFrench-language works237,207