The association between age at menarche and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The existing literature presents conflicting findings regarding the relationship between Age At Menarche (AAM) and depression. Thus, to address this gap, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate current evidence to clarify the association between AAM and depression. METHODS: Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from 2000 until June 2024 to include cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) instrument. The odds ratio (OR) of depression and its 95 % Confidence Interval (95 % CI) were calculated using the random effects model and inverse variance method. The protocol is registered in PROSPERO, number CRD42024551838. RESULTS: From a total of 2175 search records, 13 studies were included comprising 434,838 participants with NOS scores ranging from 7 to 9. The present findings showed that early menarche is associated with significantly higher odds of depression compared to both normative AAM (OR = 1.36, 95 % CI: 1.20‒1.53) and late AAM (OR = 1.52, 95 % CI 1.22‒1.90). Also, females with later menarche had lower odds of depression compared to females with normal AAM (OR = 0.91, 95 % CI 0.76‒1.09); however, this association was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The present findings demonstrated that early menarche is associated with elevated odds of depression compared to females of both normative AAM and late AAM.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.017 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it