Early management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome: a systematic literature review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives A systematic literature review was undertaken to summarise and analyse the available evidence on the initial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome (HLH/MAS) treatment according to the distinctive pathologic background and/or triggering factors. Methods An electronic search in the main medical databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library) was conducted, in order to select the studies providing information related to the HLH/MAS therapy. To further maximise the evidence derived from this systematic review, we focused our attention on clinical studies that included and described >10 HLH/MAS cases. Results This literature search led to identify 18,020 articles. After the screening by title, removal of duplicated records, and full-text assessment of the relevant articles, the final search output consisted of 167 articles that provided enough information on the medical management of patients with HLH/MAS In total, 77 clinical studies (including >10 patients) describing the early treatment of HLH/MAS have been included in the present analysis. Conclusions Primary HLH is typically managed according to the HLH-94 or HLH-2004 protocols, with the main aim of bringing the patient to a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Secondary forms of HLH/MAS can arise in 3 main clinical contexts, namely rheumatic disorders, oncological diseases, and previously healthy patients developing specific and/or severe infections. Accordingly, different and variable therapeutic approaches have been applied to these 3 categories of secondary HLH/MAS. Despite the survival improvements achieved in the last decades in patients with HLH/MAS, there is a strong need for prospective and controlled studies focused on each specific group of HLH/MAS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".