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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Ilari Rautalin, Victor Volovici, Benjamin Stark, Catherine O. Johnson, Jaakko Kaprio, Miikka Korja, Rita Krishnamurthi, Balakrishnan Nair, Annemarei Ranta, Gabriël J.E. Rinkel, Mervyn D. I. Vergouwen, Yohannes Abate, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Atef Abdelkader, Parsa Abdi, Arash Abdollahi, Auwal Abdullahi, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Mohamed Abouzid, Dariush Abtahi, Samir Abu‐Rumeileh, Ahmed Abualhasan, Hasan Abualruz, Hana J Abukhadijah, Ahmed Abu‐Zaid, Lawan Hassan Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Saryia Adra, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Williams Agyemang‐Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Budi Aji, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Yazan A. Al‐Ajlouni, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Mohammed ALBashtawy, Mohammed Usman Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Yousef Alimohamadi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Mohammed Alsabri, Rustam Al‐Shahi Salman, Awais Altaf, Ala’a B. Al‐Tammemi, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Al‐Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad S. Alyahya, Karem H. Alzoubi, Reza Amani, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Ganiyu Amusa, Deanna Anderlini, Dhanalakshmi Angappan, Abhishek Anil, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Saleha Anwar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Jalal Arabloo, Demelash Areda, Johan Ärnlöv, Anton A Artamonov, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Ashokan Arumugam, Zahra Aryan, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Mubarek Yesse Ashemo, Tahira Ashraf, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Avinash Aujayeb, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Sina Azadnajafabad, Shahkaar Aziz, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Giridhara R. Babu, Nasser Bagheri, Pegah Bahrami Taqanaki, Saeed Bahramian, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Abdulaziz Bako, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Kiran Bam, Maciej Banach, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Biswajit Banik, Mainak Bardhan, Suzanne Barker‐Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Lingkan Barua, Mohammad‐Mahdi Bastan, Sanjay Basu, Shelly L Bell, Isabela M Benseñor, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Kebede Beyene, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Vivek Bhat, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Mekuriaw Mesfin Birhan, Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, Veera Raghavulu Bitra, Archith Boloor, Hamed Borhany, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Raffaele Bugiardini, Norma B. Bulamu, Zahid A Butt, Lucas Scotta Cabral, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Daniela Călina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Angelo Capodici, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alberico L. Catapano, Luca Cegolon, Joshua Chadwick, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Rama Mohan Chandika, Gashaw Sisay Chanie, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Gerald Chi, Fatemeh Chichagi, Patrick R Ching, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali G Choudhari, E. Chowdhury, Dinh‐Toi Chu, Sheng‐Chia Chung, Alyssa Columbus, Michael H Criqui, Alanna Gomes da Silva, Mohammad Amin Dabbagh Ohadi, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Koustuv Dalal, Lachlan L. Dalli, Emanuele D’Amico, Mohsen Dashti, Kairat Davletov, Vanessa De la Cruz‐Góngora, Shayom Debopadhaya, Iván Delgado‐Enciso, Emina Dervišević, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Amol S. Dhane, Mahmoud Dibas, Thanh Chi, Thao Huynh Phuong, Sushil Dohare, Mohamed Fahmy Doheim, Клара Докова, Deepa Dongarwar, Mario D’Oria, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Rajkumar Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Siddhartha Dutta, Arkadiusz Dziedzic, Abdel Rahman E’mar, David Edvardsson, Defi Efendi, Ferry Efendi, Nevine El Nahas, Islam Y. Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Chadi Eltaha, Mohd. Elmagzoub Eltahir, Theophilus I. Emeto, Natalia Fabin, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Ildar Fakhradiyev, Jawad Fares, Pawan Faris, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Timur Fazylov, Ginenus Fekadu, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Matteo Foschi, Ni Kadek Yuni Fridayani, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Avi A. Gajjar, Aravind P. Gandhi, Balasankar Ganesan, Ravindra Kumar Garg, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Molla Getie, Delaram J. Ghadimi, Fataneh Ghadirian, Sulmaz Ghahramani, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Sherief Ghozy, Artyom Gil, Jaleed Ahmed Gilani, E. V. Gnedovskaya, Pouya Goleij, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Shi‐Yang Guan, Sapna Gupta, Farrokh Habibzadeh, Mostafa Hadei, Najah R Hadi, Samer Hamidi, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J. Hankey, Netanja I. Harlianto, Josep María Haro, Faizul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Md Saquib Hasnain, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Johannes Haubold, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Youssef Hbid, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Mehdi Hemmati, Yuta Hiraike, Nguyen Quoc Hoan, Ramesh Holla, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Junjie Huang, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing‐Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Nayu Ikeda, Adalia Ikiroma, Mehran Ilaghi, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Milena Ilić, Md. Rabiul Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Louis Jacob, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Akhil Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Mihajlo Jakovljević, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Talha Jawaid, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Mikk Jürisson, Vidya Kadashetti, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Arun Kamireddy, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Jafar Karami, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Yeganeh Karimi, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Faizan Kashoo, Gbenga A Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Emmanuelle Kesse‐Guyot, Yousef Khader, Inn Kynn Khaing, Fayaz Ahmad Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Khalid Kheirallah, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Moein Khormali, Atulya Aman Khosla, Kwanghyun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kısa, Sezer Kısa, Mika Kivimäki, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Oleksii Korzh, Karel Kostev, Nikhil Kothari, Kewal Krishan, Varun Krishna, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Mohammed Kuddus, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Setor K. Kunutsor, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Dian Kusuma, Ville Kytö, Carlo La Vecchia, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Hanpeng Lai, Tri Laksono, Tea Lallukka, Kamaluddin Latief, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao T. Le, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei‐Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Ming‐Chieh Li, Xiaopan Li, Stephen S Lim, Jialing Lin, Xuefeng Liu, Valerie Lohner, László Lorenzovici, Paulo A. Lotufo, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Jay B. Lusk, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin, Armaan K. Malhotra, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Mohammad Alì Mansournia, LG Mantovani, Emmanuel Kwaku Manu, Hamid Reza Marateb, Mirko Marino, Seyed Farzad Maroufi, Ramón Martínez, Santi Martini, Miquel Martorell, Roy Rillera Marzo, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Elezebeth Mathews, Andrea Maugeri, Steven McPhail, Asim Mehmood, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Ritesh G. Menezes, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Atte Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda, Tomasz Miazgowski, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Giuseppe Minervini, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Andreea Mirică, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari, Ajay Kumar Mishra, Prasanna Mithra, Abdalla Z. Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Ameen Mosa Mohammad, Soheil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Shaher Momani, Mohammad Ali Moni, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Maryam Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Paula Moraga, Lídia Morawska, Ahmed Msherghi, Kavita Munjal, Christopher J L Murray, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Ganesh R. Naik, Soroush Najdaghi, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Shumaila Nargus, Delaram Narimani Davani, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Vinod C Nayak, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Soroush Nematollahi, Charles R. Newton, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Văn Thành Nguyễn, Robina Khan Niazi, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Ali Nikoobar, Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá, Shuhei Nomura, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Fred Nugen, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Michael Safo Oduro, Tolulope R Ojo-Akosile, Hassan Okati‐Aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Andrew T Olagunju, Muideen T. Olaiya, Arão Belitardo Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Raffaele Ornello, Esteban Ortiz‐Prado, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa Owolabi, Ahmad Ozair, Mahesh Padukudru P A, Alicia Padrón‐Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Georgios D. Panos, Leonidas D Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Romil R Parikh, Seoyeon Park, Jay Patel, Urvish Patel, Dimitrios Patoulias, Paolo Pedersini, Emmanuel Peprah, Gavin Pereira, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Anil K. Philip, М. А. Пирадов, Evgenii Plotnikov, Р. В. Полибин, Maarten J. Postma, Jalandhar Pradhan, Manya Prasad, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Gangzhen Qian, Alberto Raggi, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Mohammad Rahmanian, Sathish Rajaa, Ali Rajabpour Sanati, Pushp Lata Rajpoot, Prashant Rajput, Mahmoud M. Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Amey Rane, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Devarajan Rathish, Salman Rawaf, Christian Razo, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Negar Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha, Jefferson Antonio Buendía, Leonardo Roever, Michele Romoli, Allen G. Ross, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Nitai Roy, Priyanka Roy, Aly M A Saad, Zahra Saadatian, Siamak Sabour, Simona Sacco, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Usman Saeed, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo, Md Refat Uz Zaman Sajib, Luciane Bresciani Salaroli, Mohamed A. Saleh, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, T. Sarkar, Gargi S. Sarode, Sachin C. Sarode, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Markus P. Schlaich, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Art Schuermans, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Ahmed Nabil Shaaban, Mahan Shafie, Moyad Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Summaiya Zareen Shaikh, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Anas Shamsi, Alfiya Shamsutdinova, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi‐Rad, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Mahabalesh Shetty, Premalatha K Shetty, Mika Shigematsu, Aminu Shittu, Ivy Shiue, Nathan A. Shlobin, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Baljinder Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Surjit Singh, Farrukh Sobia, Ranjan Solanki, Shipra Solanki, Soroush Soraneh, Μichael Spartalis, Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, А. В. Стародубова, Jing Sun, Zhong Sun, Chandan Kumar Swain, Łukasz Szarpak, Payam Tabaee Damavandi, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Seyed‐Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Celine Tabche, Jabeen Taiba, Iman M. Talaat, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker‐Kan Tan, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Ramna Thakur, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rasiah Thayakaran, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Krishna Raj Tiwari, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topór-Mądry, Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone, An Thien Tran, Jasmine Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Daniel Hsiang‐Te Tsai, Atta Ullah, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Carolyn Unsworth, Jibrin Sammani Usman, Sanaz Vahdati, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Rohollah Valizadeh, Jef Van den Eynde, Joe Varghese, Tommi Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Dominique Vervoort, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Manish Vinayak, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Hatem A Wafa, Yasir Waheed, Waseem Wahood, Mandaras Tariku, Yanzhong Wang, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Peter Willeit, Asrat Arja Wolde, Charles Wolfe, Yihun Miskir Wubie, Hong Xiao, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Yuichiro Yano, Amir Yarahmadi, Habib Yaribeygi, Sanni Yaya, Pengpeng Ye, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Aurora Zanghì, Iman Zare, Михаил Сергеевич Застрожин, Chen Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Shang Cheng Zhou, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Hafsa Zia, Magdalena Zielińska, Samer H. Zyoud, Gregory A. Roth, Valery L. Feigin
Bibliographic record
VenueJAMA Neurology · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicIntracranial Aneurysms: Treatment and Complications
Canadian institutionsUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of ManitobaUniversity of TorontoSunnybrook Health Science CentreUniversity of WaterlooUniversity of British ColumbiaMcMaster UniversityQueen's UniversityCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthMemorial University of Newfoundland
FundersDivision of Mathematical SciencesNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeDipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-BicoccaKerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical SciencesHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenTemerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIRussian Academy of SciencesJapan Science and Technology AgencyCanadian Institutes of Health ResearchDepartment of Medicine, Georgetown UniversityLeonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of MiamiLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicPan American Health OrganizationHolden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of IowaSchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityLeonard M. Miller School of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State UniversityUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of Health and Allied SciencesNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and NutritionPrecursory Research for Embryonic Science and TechnologyAjman UniversityAlfaisal UniversityUniversitas Sam RatulangiHong Kong GovernmentUK Dementia Research InstituteCentral University of KeralaUniversity of NizwaUniwersytet Śląski w KatowicachImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityUniversitat Politècnica de CatalunyaI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityChina Medical University, TaiwanSwedish Orphan BiovitrumChettinad Academy of Research and EducationUniversity of KelaniyaMarga und Walter Boll-StiftungUniversity of ThessalyŚląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w KatowicachUniversity of ColomboIstituto Auxologico ItalianoMansoura UniversityXiamen UniversityNational Institute of Technology RourkelaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroFondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaNanjing UniversityNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyUniversität zu KölnTartu ÜlikoolUniversity of TabrizNational Cheng Kung UniversityIstituto Ortopedico Rizzoli di BolognaShaqra UniversityUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisUniversitatea din BucureștiZagazig UniversityUniversity of IsfahanWachemo UniversityUniversidade Federal de Santa CatarinaApplied Science Private UniversityYangzhou UniversityUniversidade do PortoUniversidade Federal de Juiz de ForaBill and Melinda Gates FoundationFondazione CariploFederation University AustraliaManagement and Science UniversityOulun YliopistoBahir Dar UniversityAdamas UniversityMedical University - VarnaVirginia Commonwealth UniversityAsia UniversityUniversità di BolognaUniversitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie "Carol Davila" BucureştiMittuniversitetetShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesQueensland HealthShahrekord University of Medical SciencesBabol University of Medical SciencesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenUniversity of JordanPirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityUniwersytet ŁódzkiUniversidad de AntioquiaBirjand University of Medical SciencesUniversitair Medisch Centrum GroningenInstituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialDivision of Human Resource DevelopmentChinese University of Hong KongUniversitas PadjadjaranMassachusetts General HospitalMashhad University of Medical SciencesInyuvesi Yakwazulu-NataliNational Taiwan UniversityUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterAgios PharmaceuticalsYork UniversityTehran University of Medical Sciences and Health ServicesUniversiteit StellenboschUniversity of CyprusTabriz University of Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityKarolinska InstitutetUniversiti MalayaIsfahan University of Medical SciencesConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoCase Western Reserve UniversityFudan UniversityRiphah International UniversityGeneralitat de CatalunyaInternational Medical UniversityAristotle University of ThessalonikiIslamic Azad UniversityWellcome TrustChandigarh UniversityKorea UniversityUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreKU LeuvenSeoul National UniversityUniversity of PennsylvaniaNational Taiwan Normal UniversityNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensUniversity of CanberraCairo UniversityFakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U KragujevcuUniversiti Putra MalaysiaShiraz University of Medical SciencesAin Shams UniversityUniversity of TsukubaUmm Al-Qura UniversityUniversity of TorontoImperial College LondonPublic Health EnglandErasmus Universiteit RotterdamCurtin University of TechnologyCOMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyUniversity of New EnglandUniversity of QueenslandJames Cook UniversitySungkyunkwan UniversityChina Medical UniversityHallym UniversityJazan UniversityGriffith UniversityRajshahi UniversityUniversity of New South WalesQatar UniversityCharles Sturt UniversityMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityChitkara UniversitySingapore Eye Research InstituteAmity UniversityUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of ZanjanUniversity of WashingtonUniversità degli Studi dell'AquilaUniversity of BristolMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyEmory UniversityUniversità di CataniaNational Development and Reform CommissionCardiff UniversityUniversity of ConnecticutU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsBioCrystIndian Council of Medical ResearchUniwersytet Jagielloński Collegium MedicumUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaUniversity College LondonShiraz UniversityKing's College LondonH. Lundbeck A/SCoventry UniversityKasturba Medical College, ManipalUnited International UniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityUniversity of WarwickNational Institutes of HealthNational University of SingaporeStudent Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesLa Trobe UniversityUniversidad de ColimaAlexandria UniversityUniversity of KufaEuropean CommissionGeorgetown UniversityUniversity of MiamiAhmadu Bello UniversityTurun YliopistoJimma UniversityYale UniversityLebanese American UniversityUniversity of Agriculture, PeshawarJamia Millia IslamiaJordan University of Science and TechnologyDartmouth CollegeNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterNovo NordiskUniversity of LeedsApplied Molecular Biosciences UnitPublic Health Foundation of IndiaUniversity of Massachusetts DartmouthUniversity of SouthamptonNational Heart Foundation of AustraliaCSL BehringIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCSQueensland University of TechnologyBiomedical Research CouncilACT GovernmentUniversidade de São PauloGonabad University of Medical SciencesTomsk Polytechnic UniversityMcMaster UniversityNew York University Abu DhabiJanssen Scientific AffairsFaculty of Medicine and Health, University of SydneyUniversiti Brunei DarussalamTurun Yliopistollinen KeskussairaalaKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyUniversity of OxfordMinistero della SaluteUniversitas AirlanggaHouston Methodist HospitalSunnybrook Research InstituteUniversitas IndonesiaSalahaddin University-ErbilPatuakhali Science and Technology UniversityUniversity of MontanaArizona State UniversityUniversidad Europea de MadridHouston Methodist Research InstituteIran University of Medical SciencesUniversiteit UtrechtFlinders UniversityRajarata University of Sri LankaNorges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige UniversitetNorwegian Institute of Public HealthAmerican Heart AssociationRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonAjou UniversityDirectorate for Biological SciencesSaveetha Dental CollegeHarokopio UniversityUniversity of WaterlooUniversity of TasmaniaTeva Pharmaceutical IndustriesKurdistan University Of Medical SciencesBrody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityZahedan University of Medical SciencesHarvard UniversityWarwick Medical SchoolDeutsches KrebsforschungszentrumRigshospitaletPomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny W SzczecinieUniversità degli Studi di MilanoUrmia University of Medical SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityPfizerAteneo de Manila UniversityHögskolan DalarnaRijksuniversiteit GroningenChulalongkorn UniversityUniversity of GlasgowTaipei Medical UniversityCleveland ClinicHarvard Business SchoolJenderal Soedirman UniversityGovernment of CanadaJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceSchool of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityUniversity of MinnesotaWestern Sydney UniversityBrown UniversityAlexion PharmaceuticalsKatolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla IIShahrekord UniversityMazandaran University of Medical SciencesUrmia UniversityWorld Health OrganizationBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteUniversity of BernZanjan University of Medical SciencesUniversity of GondarUnited Arab Emirates UniversityBrigham and Women's HospitalKerman University of Medical SciencesTrường Đại học Duy TânEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesIndian Institute of Technology MandiBangladesh University of Health SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterEli Lilly and CompanyUniversitetet i BergenKing Saud UniversityNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteAstraZenecaMonash UniversityWashington University in St. Louis
KeywordsMedicineEpidemiologyBurden of diseaseSubarachnoid hemorrhageStroke (engine)Disease burdenIncidence (geometry)PopulationDemographyLatin AmericansCross-sectional studyMortality rateEnvironmental healthSurgeryInternal medicinePathology
Abstract
Importance: Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents the third most common stroke type with unique etiologies, risk factors, diagnostics, and treatments. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies often cluster SAH with other stroke types leaving its distinct burden estimates obscure. Objective: To estimate the worldwide burden of SAH. Design, Setting, and Participants: Based on the repeated cross-sectional Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, the global burden of SAH in 1990 to 2021 was estimated. Moreover, the SAH burden was compared with other diseases, and its associations with 14 individual risk factors were investigated with available data in the GBD 2021 study. The GBD study included the burden estimates of nontraumatic SAH among all ages in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2021. Exposures: SAH and 14 modifiable risk factors. Main Outcomes and Measures: Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) of SAH incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as well as risk factor-specific population attributable fractions (PAFs). Results: In 2021, the global age-standardized SAH incidence was 8.3 (95% UI, 7.3-9.5), prevalence was 92.2 (95% UI, 84.1-100.6), mortality was 4.2 (95% UI, 3.7-4.8), and DALY rate was 125.2 (95% UI, 110.5-142.6) per 100 000 people. The highest burden estimates were found in Latin America, the Caribbean, Oceania, and high-income Asia Pacific. Although the absolute number of SAH cases increased, especially in regions with a low sociodemographic index, all age-standardized burden rates decreased between 1990 and 2021: the incidence by 28.8% (95% UI, 25.7%-31.6%), prevalence by 16.1% (95% UI, 14.8%-17.7%), mortality by 56.1% (95% UI, 40.7%-64.3%), and DALY rate by 54.6% (95% UI, 42.8%-61.9%). Of 300 diseases, SAH ranked as the 36th most common cause of death and 59th most common cause of DALY in the world. Of all worldwide SAH-related DALYs, 71.6% (95% UI, 63.8%-78.6%) were associated with the 14 modeled risk factors of which high systolic blood pressure (population attributable fraction [PAF] = 51.6%; 95% UI, 38.0%-62.6%) and smoking (PAF = 14.4%; 95% UI, 12.4%-16.5%) had the highest attribution. Conclusions and Relevance: Although the global age-standardized burden rates of SAH more than halved over the last 3 decades, SAH remained one of the most common cardiovascular and neurological causes of death and disabilities in the world, with increasing absolute case numbers. These findings suggest evidence for the potential health benefits of proactive public health planning and resource allocation toward the prevention of SAH.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.761
Threshold uncertainty score0.293
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.016
GPT teacher head0.276
Teacher spread0.260 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations26
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes