Portal vein dilation in Klippel-Trenaunay and CLOVES syndromes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) and congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular anomalies, epidermal nevi and skeletal abnormalities (CLOVES) syndrome are rare conditions associated with overgrowth and vascular anomalies more frequently involving the lower extremities. Although uncommon, these syndromes can be associated with portal vein (PV) abnormalities, including PV thrombosis, and PV hypertension. In this study, we describe additional findings of PV dilation in five patients with KTS or CLOVES. METHODS: A single institution 20 year retrospective review was performed to evaluate PV findings in patients with vascular anomalies and overgrowth of the lower extremities. Two radiologists reviewed the imaging examinations (US, CT and MRI) and recorded type and location of vascular alterations. RESULTS: Of 35 patients (25 females, 24 KTS, 7 CLOVES and 4 other, median age: 8.5 years) with available abdominal imaging, 5 patients had PV dilation and one PV thrombosis. All patients presented additional abdominal vascular anomalies in association. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic evaluation of the abdominopelvic region in patients with KTS and CLOVES can identify vascular anomalies, including PV dilation, which may indicate a prethrombotic state. Early detection and monitoring of these findings could have clinical implications for preventing complications such as portal hypertension and thrombosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".