Stratigraphic correlation and paleogeography of the Upper Cretaceous Suquash Outcrop Area, Vancouver Island, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The geology of the Suquash Outcrop Area (OA) remains enigmatic despite over 150 years of economic interest in exploiting coal seams contained therein. Here, we use uranium–lead dating of detrital zircon grains combined with macrofossil- and palynology-based biostratigraphy to determine the ages of stratigraphic units. Age assignments are combined with legacy core descriptions and new data from measured outcrop sections to reconstruct the geology of the Suquash OA. Our results show that strata in the Suquash OA were deposited during two distinct phases: (1) Campanian and (2) late Maastrichtian to early Danian. Coal beds occur mainly in the late Maastrichtian–early Danian phase. The Suquash OA is also intersected by a series of faults and shows some evidence of deformation between deposition of Campanian strata and late Maastrichtian–early Danian strata. During both phases, the Suquash OA formed the northwest extent of the Georgia Basin: the Campanian phase correlates to the Protection Formation and the younger phase correlates to the Oyster Bay Formation. The strata deposited in the Suquash OA contain Early Cretaceous dinocysts that are probably derived from the Queen Charlotte Group in the Queen Charlotte Basin and/or the Gambier Group in the Coast Plutonic Complex. This study confirms the association of strata in the Suquash OA with time equivalent strata in the Georgia Basin and confirms the presence of a major disconformity between the lower and upper Nanaimo Group in the region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".