A Method for Comparing Proteins Measured in Serum and Plasma by Olink Proximity Extension Assay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accurate measurement of secreted proteins in serum and plasma is essential for understanding mechanisms and developing reliable biomarkers. Recent technological advancements, such as proximity extension assay (PEA), have enabled high-throughput multiplex protein analyses from small sample volumes in either serum or plasma. Despite the increasing use of PEA-based proteomics and the generation of extensive datasets, integrated data from these two mediums remains challenging due to inherent differences in sample processing. To address this issue, we developed and validated protein-specific transformation factors using linear modeling to normalize protein measurements between serum and plasma proteins quantified using Olink. Our analysis surveyed 1463 proteins across matched serum and plasma samples, identifying 686 transformation factors. The transformation factors were further validated using independent datasets generated from patients with different disease phenotypes and ages, and 551 of the models and transformation factors were reproducible. These transformation factors provide a valuable resource for normalizing PEA-based proteomic data across serum and plasma, ultimately enhancing the capacity for collaborative analyses and facilitating comprehensive insights across diverse disease phenotypes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".