A mixture of organophosphate esters sex-specifically impacts monocyte–macrophages in Sprague-Dawley rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exposure to individual organophosphate esters (OPEs) has been linked to immune dysfunction. However, the effect of OPEs as environmentally relevant mixtures on the immune system remains poorly understood. This study examines how parental exposure to an OPE mixture impacts the immune status of Sprague-Dawley rats and their offspring. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control or OPE-supplemented diet containing 13 OPEs detected in >85% of Canadian homes. Only male offspring of OPE-exposed animals showed a significant reduction in CD43lowHis48hi splenic monocyte-macrophages. There were no significant changes in CD43lowHis48hi splenic monocyte-macrophages in the F0 generation or female offspring. However, the OPE mixture significantly altered serum cytokine levels in both sexes and generations, with females and offspring experiencing more pronounced changes. Notably, female progeny had elevated levels of chemokines associated with monocyte recruitment. In vitro follow-up studies revealed that the OPE mixture delays monocyte-to-macrophage transition and monocyte migration in both sexes. These results indicate that an environmentally relevant OPE mixture disrupts immune function by affecting monocyte recruitment and differentiation but does not reveal clear sex differences. However, when combined with cytokine findings, these results support a hypothesis that OPE exposure causes male-specific decreases in CD43lowHis48hi monocyte-macrophages that are absent in females due to compensatory inflammation. These studies demonstrate that an environmentally relevant mixture of OPEs can alter basal immune status in the offspring of exposed animals. This work will be useful for risk assessment studies and regulations protecting human health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".