Effect of Exercise Timing on Inflammation and Cognition in Aged Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to elucidate the impact of exercise timing on inflammatory markers and cognitive function in elderly women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with a particular focus on the expression of proteins implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis, including TYRO protein tyrosine kinase-binding protein (TYROBP), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), apolipoprotein E (APOE), and Osteopontin (SPP1). Objectives: This research aimed to address: Which exercise time — morning or evening — provides greater health benefits for elderly women with T2DM, particularly regarding key health indicators? Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 45 women, aged 55 - 65 years, diagnosed with T2DM, were randomly assigned to morning exercise, evening exercise, or control groups using a computer-generated random number sequence. The tool used in this study is the Montreal Cognitive Function Questionnaire. The intervention consisted of a 12-week aerobic exercise (TPMP) regimen, calibrated to 60 - 70% of the participants’ maximum heart rate reserve. Protein expression levels were quantified pre- and post-intervention using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To mitigate bias, outcome assessors were blinded to participant group allocation via a data coding protocol. Results: The results of MANCOVA and ANCOVA showed that aerobic activities in the morning and evening have a significant effect on cognitive performance in older adults (F = 14.17, P < 0.05); and the effects of exercise training in the evening hours are greater. Also, morning exercise was associated with a statistically significant reduction in TGF-β and SPP1 levels (P < 0.05), whereas evening exercise significantly decreased TYROBP and sTREM2 levels (P < 0.01). Notably, APOE levels were markedly elevated in the evening exercise group, with a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05) and the morning exercise group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The findings suggest that a structured TPMP program, regardless of timing, can beneficially modulate key inflammatory markers associated with AD in women with T2DM. These results highlight the potential for exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention to mitigate AD risk in this vulnerable population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".