Associations Between Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intakes, Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Blood Pressure Among Adult Females in Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Accurate assessment of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intake is essential for population level monitoring of salt intake as part of global strategies to reduce salt consumption to control the increasing prevalence of high blood pressure (BP). Thus, a simple, cost-effective, and low-burden method is particularly valuable in resource-limited settings for population level monitoring of Na and K intake. This study aimed to compare the reliability of various methods of Na and K intake assessment, and their associations with blood pressure measurements. Methods: This secondary analysis was based on a cross-sectional study of 100 non-pregnant women of reproductive age (18-49 years old) in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, Na and K concentrations from one-day weighed food record (WFR), duplicate diet (exact copy of total amount of foods consumed during the WFR), spot urine (SPUr) and 24-hour urine (24HrUr) were used for this analysis. We utilized the Ethiopian Food Composition Table to estimate the Na and K content from the WFR and applied the INTERSALT equation to estimate full day Na and K concentration from the SPUr. Na:K ratios were calculated for the different assessment methods. Using duplicate diet as reference, correlation analysis and Bland-Altman plots were used to investigate the agreement between the different Na and K assessment methods. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between the Na and K assessment methods and BP measurements. Results: Estimates of mean ± SD of Na were duplicate diet (2925± 1695 mg/d), WFR (2791±1491 mg/d), SPUr (3083 ± 846 mg/d) and 24HrUr (3074 ± 1710 mg/d), exceeding the WHO recommended 2000 mg/d intake. The mean ± SD of K were duplicate diet (2177± 1178 mg/d), WFR (1605 ± 772 mg/d), SPUr was (1506± 242 mg/d) and 24HrUr (1519 ± 882 mg/d), which were less than the WHO recommended 3510 mg/d intake. The mean systolic and diastolic BP were 116 ±14 mmHg and 83 ± 9 mmHg respectively. The correlation for Na concentration between duplicate diet and WFR (ρ = 0.50, p-value= < 0.001) and for K concentration between duplicate diet and WFR (ρ = 0.50, p-value= < 0.001) were moderate. A weak correlation was observed for Na concentration between duplicate diet and SPUr (ρ = 0.20, p-value= 0.019). There were non-significant weak correlations for Na, K and Na:K ratio for the other assessment methods. From the Bland-Altman plots, regarding the Na:K ratio, the smallest limit
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".