Does Pasteurized Donor Human Milk Provide Adequate Intakes of Minerals and Trace Elements for Term-Born Infants?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Pasteurized donor human milk (DM) is milk from screened donors, that is donated frozen (often several months postpartum and may not provide full-breast expressions), thawed, pooled, pasteurized (62.5 C for 30 min), frozen, distributed, and thawed for feeding.Therefore, the nutrient composition of DM may differ from what a breastfed newborn receives.DM is largely distributed to hospitals for feeding preterm infants, but there is recent interest in offering DM to termborn infants.However, there is a paucity of data on DM mineral and trace element contents, thus precluding assessment of its appropriateness as an alternative to mother's milk for term-born infants if used longer than a short-term bridge to establish breastfeeding.We aimed to determine mineral and trace element concentrations in DM and compare these to reference adequate intake cut-off values established by the U.S. National Academies of Medicine (NAM).Methods: Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, and iodine were quantified using inductively coupled mass spectrometry and compared to NAM adequate intake values for infants aged 0-6 months.Results: DM samples (N ¼ 196 pooled batches) were collected from two Canadian milk banks (2014-2015 and 2021-2023) as part of two clinical trials.Median (IQR) values for sodium (94 (84, 108) mg/L), potassium (417 (377, 470) mg/L), and magnesium (31 (28, 34) mg/L) were significantly (p< 0.05) below the adequate intake cut-offs (100%, 92%, and 77% of values, respectively, below the cut-off value).Calcium (250 (227, 274) mg/L), phosphorus (128 (113, 143) mg/L), copper (260 (219, 306) μg/L), zinc (1.5 (1.2, 1.8) mg/L), and iodine (174 (125, 233) μg/L) were not different (p >0.05) from reference values.Conclusions: Long-term provision of DM to term-born infants may not provide adequate sodium, potassium or magnesium.Understanding the nutrient content of DM will aid clinicians in determining its appropriate use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".