Contaminant Exposure During Pregnancy and Lactation and Contaminant Concentrations in Human Milk: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
breastfeeding.This study explored the role of sociodemographic factors on breastfeeding knowledge and awareness of breastfeeding laws/legislation and recommendations among a sample of US women of childbearing age.Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted between February and October of 2024 with women of childbearing age (18-49 years), living in the US Participants completed questions via the Qualtrics survey platform.Data included sociodemographic characteristics, infant feeding recommendations, and awareness of breastfeeding laws and recommendations.Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to describe the sample and explore relationships between variables.Results: A total of 842 women participated in the survey with almost all participants (98.9%) over 20 years old.79.3% identified as White, 85.7% married/cohabiting, 82.3% had a college degree or higher, 65.4% resided in the Southern US, 61.5% worked full time, and 44.8% reported annual household income above $100,000.Only 55.2% and 24.9% correctly reported exclusive breastfeeding and duration recommendations, respectively.Only 30.7% correctly reported on workplace breastfeeding laws, and 60.6% were aware of the general breastfeeding laws in the US.Awareness of breastfeeding laws was associated with maternal age, marital status, race, and employment.Conclusions: A significant percentage of participants were unaware of breastfeeding recommendations and general breastfeeding laws.Awareness of breastfeeding laws and recommendations was associated with sociodemographic background, highlighting a lack of access to critical information needed to protect, promote, and improve breastfeeding practices.Targeted interventions are needed to improve the knowledge and awareness of breastfeeding recommendations and legislation among women of childbearing age in the US.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".