History of speciation inferred from genomic analysis of a species complex of north temperate fishes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Comparative biogeographic analyses have provided key insights into the history of divergence among closely related species. We collected genomic data across much of the range of two salmonid fishes, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and Dolly Varden (S. malma), that comprise a complex of lineages whose relationships and evolutionary interactions have remained uncertain. A time-calibrated phylogeny indicated reciprocal monophyly of S. alpinus and S. malma, that the species diverged an estimated ∼1.4 million years ago, and that eastern Pacific Southern Dolly Varden (S. malma lordi) is the basal lineage within S. malma. Historical and contemporary gene flow were detected between species and regional groups within species. We found strong evidence for a model of divergence without gene flow between S. alpinus and S. malma followed by secondary contact about 14,500 years ago with subsequent gene flow. Our geographic and genomic investigation within the S. alpinus-S. malma complex clarifies the origin and inter-relationships of the species and further highlights the North Pacific and Arctic as dynamic areas of evolution of regional faunas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".