Maternal Psychological Well-Being and Caries Experience in 3-Year-Old Offspring: Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, multifactorial disease of the dental hard tissues. Maternal psychosocial and behavioral factors can affect a child's risk for many chronic childhood conditions including dental caries. We examined the relationship between maternal psychological well-being during and after pregnancy on caries experience in 3-year-old offspring. METHODS: Using data from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study (N = 667), maternal psychological well-being including depressive symptoms (Edinburg Postnatal Depression scale [EPDS]), anxiety symptoms (State Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]), and sleep quality were measured. Offspring dental caries experience was defined as having at least one decayed, missing, and filled teeth or surface (dmft ≥1 vs. 0/dmfs ≥1 vs. 0). We estimated associations between maternal psychological well-being in the pre- and postnatal periods with offspring dental caries experience using logistic regression models adjusted for several maternal and child demographic and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: The mean maternal age at delivery was 31 (SD: 5.1) years with ethnic distribution of 55% Chinese, 28% Malay, and 17% Indian; 8.6% of mothers had a prenatal EPDS score ≥15 indicating probable depression and 44% of the children had dmft ≥1. Children of mothers with high prenatal EPDS scores (≥15) had 1.57 times (95% CI: 0.85-2.93) the adjusted odds of dental caries experience as compared to children of mothers with prenatal EPDS score <15, although this association was not statistically significant. Moreover, children of mothers with consistently high/changing EPDS and STAI scores in the pre- and postnatal periods had adjusted odds of caries experience of 1.65 (95% CI: 1.01-2.72) and 1.24 (95% CI: 0.89-1.74), respectively, when compared to children whose mothers had consistently low EPDS and STAI scores, though only EPDS association was statistically significant. Associations with poor sleep quality followed a similar direction, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: While the current findings did not consistently demonstrate statistically significant associations, they suggest a potential role of maternal psychological well-being during and after pregnancy on children's oral health status.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".