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Record W4410906925 · doi:10.3389/ijph.2025.1607727

What Lessons can Be Learned From the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic?

2025· review· en· W4410906925 on OpenAlexaff
Gerry A. Quinn, Ronan Connolly, Coilín ÓhAiseadha, Paul Hynds, Philipp Bagus, Ronald B. Brown, Carlos F. Cáceres, C. E. H. Craig, Michael Connolly, José L. Domingo, Norman Fenton, Paul Frijters, Steven J. Hatfill, Raymond Heymans, Ari R. Joffe, Gordan Lauc, Robert W. Malone, Alan Mordue, Greta L. Mushet, Áine O’Connor, Jane M. Orient, José Antonio Peña‐Ramos, Harvey A. Risch, Jessica Rose, Antonio Sánchez‐Bayón, Ricardo Francalacci Savaris, Michaéla C. Schippers, Dragos Simandan, Karol Sikora, Willie Soon, Yaffa Shir-Raz, Demetrios�� Spandidos, Beny Spira, Aristides Tsatsakis, Harald Walach

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Public Health · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldMathematics
TopicCOVID-19 epidemiological studies
Canadian institutionsBrock UniversityUniversity of AlbertaUniversity of Waterloo
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPandemicCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)2019-20 coronavirus outbreakSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)Public healthBetacoronavirusCoronavirus InfectionsMedicineVirologyEnvironmental healthMedical emergencyNursingOutbreakInfectious disease (medical specialty)Pathology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

During the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2023), governments around the world implemented an unprecedented array of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. From early 2021, these were accompanied by major population-wide COVID-19 vaccination programmes-often using novel mRNA/DNA technology, although some countries used traditional vaccines. Both the NPIs and the vaccine programmes were apparently justified by highly concerning model projections of how the pandemic could progress in their absence. Efforts to reduce the spread of misinformation during the pandemic meant that differing scientific opinions on each of these aspects inevitably received unequal weighting. In this perspective review, based on an international multi-disciplinary collaboration, we identify major problems with many aspects of these COVID-19 policies as they were implemented. We show how this resulted in adverse impacts for public health, society, and scientific progress. Therefore, we propose seven recommendations to reduce such adverse consequences in the future.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.009
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.013
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMetaresearch
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.901
Threshold uncertainty score0.996

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0090.013
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0020.001
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0030.001
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.752
GPT teacher head0.590
Teacher spread0.162 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreReview

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations15
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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