Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract As part of the CNS, the retina maintains high metabolic activity yet is more tolerant to the adverse effects of low oxygen (hypoxia) than the brain. Tissue hypoxia is a component of ischaemia and has devastating effects on the CNS, including neuronal death. Differences in blood supply, oxygen consumption, and the expression of excitatory receptors and oxygen‐binding proteins contribute to regional differences in the sensitivity of retinal neurons to hypoxia. Although highly variable and species‐dependent, the mammalian retina has the capacity to withstand the effects of oxygen deprivation through ischaemic preconditioning, where a brief, sublethal stimulus imparts protection against subsequent bouts of hypoxia or ischaemia. Decades of research have demonstrated that hypoxia‐ and anoxia‐tolerant ectotherms are adapted to survive weeks or months in the absence of oxygen without damage to the CNS, nor without the need for a preconditioning stimulus. Recent studies provide evidence that, in the retinas of tolerant animals, such as crucian carp, freshwater turtle and goldfish, prolonged oxygen deprivation elicits a reversible reduction in electroretinogram activity. Moreover, inhibitory interneurons of the outer retina involved in visual processing, called horizontal cells, sense hypoxia via mitochondrial ATP‐dependent K + channels and regulate intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis. An understanding of how these mechanisms may protect the retina from hypoxia has only recently begun to emerge but may involve downregulation of excitatory receptor activity or release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, to reduce neuronal activity and reduce the metabolic demands of the retina during oxygen deprivation. image
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".