Sol-Gel Derived CdO:Al Thin Films on Various Substrates: A Comprehensive Study on Structural, Morphological, Optical, and Electrical Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aluminum-doped cadmium oxide (CdO:Al) thin films were deposited onto glass and silicon substrates using the sol–gel spin-coating method, with deposition time varied as a key parameter. Cadmium acetate dihydrate served as the precursor material, while aluminum nitrate was used as the aluminum dopant source. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of the CdO:Al films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Ellipsometry, Surface roughness analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Electrical resistivity, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 25.89°, 38.36°, 38.9°, and 44.49° on both substrates for deposition times of 5 and 30 seconds. An additional peak at 2θ = 33° was observed only on the silicon substrate. XRD peak intensity increased with longer deposition times on both substrates. Crystallite sizes at 30 seconds were determined to be 32.08 nm on glass and 38.29 nm on silicon. The lowest deposition rates were 273.25 nm/sec for glass and 210.11 nm/sec for silicon at 30 sec. Roughness measurements indicated that silicon substrates exhibited lower RMS roughness values compared to glass. Raman spectra confirmed the presence of the crystalline CdO:Al phase with a peak at 808 nm for both substrates, and Raman intensity increased with deposition time. At 30 seconds, the refractive index and dielectric constant were found to be 3.52 and 0.15 on silicon, and 1.52 and 0.08 on glass, respectively. FTIR analysis confirmed CdO:Al presence with absorption bands at 610.91 cm⁻¹ (silicon) and 615.71 cm⁻¹ (glass). The lowest resistivity values recorded were 1.2 X10-5 Ω·cm on silicon and 3.6 X 10-4 Ω·cm on glass. UV-Vis spectroscopy estimated the optical band gap energies to be 2.8 eV for silicon and 3.1 eV for glass. The results showed that the Al-doped CdO films made by the sol-gel method on silicon acted like highly conductive semiconductors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".