Effects of rubber-intermixed ballast on train loading response through field monitoring in Western Sydney
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of waste tyres in transportation infrastructure promotes environmentally sustainable engineering practices and reduces the cost of transportation and disposal. Laboratory testing has shown that a Rubber Intermixed Ballast System (RIBS) has significant advantages over conventional ballast. This study extends the evaluation of RIBS via a fully instrumented field trial near Western Sydney to assess its compatibility and efficiency under real-life conditions. The trial revealed a beneficial redistribution of stress along the depth of the track, despite an initial increase in deformation during construction and stabilizing the track in the initial loading phases. The measured acceleration response indicated a reduction of ground vibrations in the RIBS track, while the reduced particle breakage suggested its lifespan would exceed that of conventional ballast. Finite element modelling (FEM) of the RIBS track, calibrated with large-scale triaxial tests and field data, was carried out under moving wheel loads to compare its performance with a conventional ballasted track. The FEM simulations highlighted the differences in vertical stress and track settlement at varying train speeds. These findings indicate that RIBS support a circular economy and also offer a sustainable approach to stabilizing ballasted tracks by enhancing their longevity and reducing their maintenance costs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".