Effectiveness of an mHealth Program on Reducing Blood Pressure Among Young Adults With Prehypertension: Protocol of a Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of prehypertension may be underreported because of its asymptomatic nature. This study will use a pragmatic mobile health (mHealth) app to deliver the intervention, which is expected to be well received by the young adult population. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the prevalence of prehypertension among young adults and evaluate the effectiveness of an mHealth intervention in enhancing adherence to lifestyle practices, increasing knowledge on prehypertension and hypertension, and reducing blood pressure among participants in the experimental and control groups. METHODS: The study consists of 2 phases. Phase 1 used a cross-sectional survey design, and phase 2 included a pragmatic randomized controlled trial with cluster randomization. The protocol was prepared according to the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) 2013 checklist. The CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials of Nonpharmacologic Interventions) 2017 guideline was followed for reporting the protocol. The estimated sample size for phase 1 was 762 participants, and the sample size for the phase 2 was 85 participants per group. Both the control and experimental groups will receive education on prehypertension and hypertension, with the experimental group additionally receiving an mHealth app. The experimental group's adherence to lifestyle practices will be monitored every 15 days, and reminder messages will be sent to nonresponders. Both groups will be followed up with on-site after 1, 3, and 6 months to assess their knowledge on prehypertension and hypertension, blood pressure, and lifestyle practices. The primary outcome of the study will be an improvement in blood pressure readings. The secondary outcomes will include adherence to lifestyle practices and knowledge on prehypertension and hypertension. RESULTS: This study was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (grant 2021-11792, received February 2023). The study is ongoing. Phase 1 was completed on March 29, 2024, with data collected from 762 samples from 8 randomly selected colleges from Udupi District. Currently, phase 2 is in progress. The data will be analyzed using jamovi software (version 2.3.21; The jamovi project). Phase 1 and 2 findings will be analyzed and the results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Ethical approval for the study was obtained in May 2022 (160/2022). CONCLUSIONS: Identifying high-risk groups of young adults with prehypertension enables early interventions to prevent future hypertension and combat the cardiovascular burden globally. The mHealth intervention is considered to be an effective strategy to impart knowledge and promote healthy behaviors among young adults. The study will contribute to achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 3, which focuses on ensuring good health and well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial Registry of India CTRI/2023/04/051784; https://tinyurl.com/57y9enyd. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/67216.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.048 | 0.047 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.011 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.053 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".