Erosion of Sand Beds with Translating Circular Turbulent Jets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the erosion of a sand bed by a submerged translating circular jet. Deformation of the sand bed can be classified as dynamic scour and static scour (after the jet moved away and suspended sand particles settled). It was found that the static scour is minimal for a translating jet. The dynamic scour profiles were found to get shallower and elongated as the jet translating velocity increased. The maximum depth of the fluidized zone decreased as the jet impinging angle of the jet to the bed decreased. For a constant jet impinging angle, the dimensionless profiles of the fluidized zone show similarity at different translating velocities. The dimensionless dynamic scour depth for translating jet scouring was found to be a function of a dimensionless quantity, the erosion parameter and the jet translating velocity to the jet nozzle velocity ratio; whereas for a stationary jet, it was a function of the erosion parameter only. The study of the sediment kinematics revealed that a principal vortex resides inside the scour hole along with some minor vortices. The position of the principal vortex depends on the jet impinging angle. Both the translating jet and the vortices are involved in the sediment entrainment and transport mechanisms. Due to the translation of the jet, the horizontal velocity component of the sediment motion was found to be dominant and mainly responsible for sediment transport. The equation of the horizontal motion of the sediment transport can be represented by a Gaussian function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".