Novel ethosomal gel formulation for enhanced transdermal delivery of curcumin and cyclosporine: a preclinical approach to rheumatoid arthritis management
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vesicular systems have demonstrated efficacy in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). This study explores the synergistic effect of edge-activated ethosomal gel to enhance the transdermal delivery of Curcumin (CUR) and Cyclosporine (CYC). Ethosomal vesicles prepared via the ethanol injection method were incorporated into a gel, with the optimized formulation exhibiting an average particle size of 93.3 ± 1.17 nm and a zeta potential of −29.2 ± 0.17 mV. Ex vivo diffusion studies on porcine ear skin demonstrated 97.115 ± 0.40% CUR and 98.331 ± 1.08% CYC release over 18 hours, exhibiting Hixson-Crowell diffusion mechanisms. The steady-state flux and permeability coefficients were 0.095 µg/cm2/hr and 0.0095 cm/hr for CUR, and 0.0804 µg/cm2/hr and 0.01608 cm/hr for CYC respectively. In anti-inflammatory tests on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells, the gel significantly increased IL-10 levels (p < 0.001), inhibited prostaglandin-E2, and reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels (p < 0.001). Moreover, the ethosomal gel demonstrated nonirritating properties and exhibited significant reduction in arthritic symptoms in the Complete Freund’s Adjuvant induced 28-day rat model, surpassing the effects of marketed and conventional gel. These findings highlight the synergistic benefits of combining CUR and CYC in an ethosomal gel, offering a promising alternative for RA management. Future clinical investigations are warranted to validate its safety and efficacy in humans and facilitate potential therapeutic integration.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it