Crosstalk between thyroid hormones and the central corticotropin‐releasing factor system in Atlantic salmon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system is primarily known for its conserved role in regulating pituitary corticotrope activity, but it can also influence thyroid hormone (TH) production by stimulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production in non-mammalian vertebrates. However, few studies have explored how THs regulate the CRF system in teleosts. Furthermore, while the CRF system regulates corticotrope activity via a CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) mediated pathway, the signaling pathway by which CRF stimulates TSH production in teleost thyrotropes is unknown. To better understand interactions between THs and the CRF system, we performed a series of in vivo, in vitro, and in silico analyses using Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We found that chronic elevation of triiodothyronine (T3) levels elicited ligand- and paralog-specific effects on transcript levels of CRF peptides in the hypothalamic and preoptic regions of the brain. Additionally, elevated T3 increased transcription of pituitary CRF receptor 2 (crfr2b) but had no effect on CRFR1 transcription. Consistent with interactions between THs and CRFR2, we found that transcription of TSH (tshba) only increased in cultured pituitaries when CRFR2 was activated. In contrast, CRFR1 activation only increased the transcription of corticotrope-related genes. Lastly, we found that putative TH response elements were present in the promoter of most CRF system components, further supporting the relationship between THs and the CRF system in teleosts. Collectively, our data reveal several novel mechanisms underlying crosstalk between THs and the central CRF system in teleost fishes and provide insight into the evolution of interactions between these hormone systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".