Susceptibility to Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs in Montreal, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: People who inject drugs are at elevated risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which is preventable by vaccination. We examined susceptibility to HBV infection among a sample of people who inject drugs and live in Montreal, Canada. METHODS: Data were obtained from HEPCO, a prospective cohort study of people who had recently (within the past six months) injected drugs, between November 2022 and March 2024. The absence of hepatitis B surface antibody indicated susceptibility to HBV infection. These results were compared to self-report immune status. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with HBV susceptibility. RESULTS: Overall, 28.1% (108/384) of participants were susceptible to HBV infection. Over half (60.2%, 231/384) of participants correctly reported their immune status. Individuals born in Canada prior to the introduction of universal childhood vaccination programs had higher odds of susceptibility to HBV infection (adjusted odds ratio: 2.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.34-5.61), while those in opioid agonist treatment (0.60, 0.37-0.98) and with a history of hepatitis C infection (0.51, 0.32-0.83) had lower odds of HBV susceptibility. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: An important minority of people who inject drugs in Montreal remain susceptible to HBV infection. Moderate concordance between self-report and serological results indicates that serology or vaccine registry information should continue to be used to inform immunisation provision. People who inject drugs who were born prior to childhood vaccination programs and/or are not in opioid agonist treatment are subpopulations who require targeted interventions to increase vaccination coverage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".