Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound enhances uptake of doxorubicin-loaded gold nanoparticles in cancer cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The distinctive physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), such as biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and a high surface area-to-volume ratio, make AuNPs one of the most suitable candidates for cancer nanomedicine applications. However, achieving efficient uptake of drug-loaded AuNPs into cancer cells has remained a significant challenge in drug delivery. One promising non-invasive, pleiotropic modality that could enhance the cellular uptake of drug-loaded AuNPs by facilitating the transport through cell membranes is low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). This study employs cell experiments (viability and flow cytometry tests), finite element simulations, and dark-field/hyperspectral cell imaging to demonstrate that LIPUS significantly enhances the cellular uptake of doxorubicin-loaded AuNPs and free drug in cancer cells. The synergistic effects of low-intensity ultrasound and therapeutic agents further reduce cell viability, exceeding the effects of ultrasound or doxorubicin-loaded AuNPs alone. Driven by the thermal and mechanical mechanisms induced by LIPUS, this approach enhances endocytosis and sonoporation, thereby increasing cellular uptake of AuNPs and free drug through active and passive transport mechanisms. This results in a substantial improvement in treatment efficacy, marking a promising advancement in targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".