The Intergenerational Transmission of Social Adjustment in Single‐Parent Families With Different Sex Compositions: The Mediating Role of Parental Child‐Rearing Gender‐Role Attitudes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite evidence of intergenerational transmission of behaviours and attitudes between parents and children, and differences in interactions between single parents and same- or opposite-sex children, the role of parent-child sex composition in the transmission of social adjustment in single-parent families remains unclear. This study surveyed 532 parent-adolescent dyads from single-parent families, with adolescents aged 12-18 years (M = 14.81, SD = 1.62). The families comprised father-son (24.8%), father-daughter (13.5%), mother-son (43.0%) and mother-daughter (18.6%) types, to explore whether adolescents' perceptions of parental child-rearing gender-role attitudes (PCGA) mediate the relationship between parents' and adolescents' social adjustment across different sex compositions. The transmission of PCGA from grandparents to parents was also explored. Results showed that single mothers' social adjustment was not only higher than their children's but also generally exceeded that of single fathers. Single parents in father-son and mother-daughter families had higher PCGA scores than those in father-daughter families. Grandparents' PCGA was positively associated with parents' PCGA. Moreover, parents' social adjustment was positively associated with children's social adjustment through PCGA, and this mediation effect remained consistent across four family types. These findings highlight the need for interventions to enhance single parents' social adjustment and PCGA for better support.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".