Mitochondria-Targeting Biquaternary Ammonium Compounds: Pancreatic Anticancer Activity and Synergistic Interaction with Metformin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Challenges in pancreatic cancer treatment primarily arise from chemotherapy resistance, cancer cell metastasis, and frequent late-stage diagnoses. These issues significantly compromise the effectiveness of standard treatments and highlight the urgent need for targeted approaches. In this context, we explored the anticancer potential of bis-quaternary ammonium-based compounds (BQACs), which remains largely uncharted. This study examines the structure-activity relationship of amphiphilic bicationic compounds as anticancer agents, focusing on their selectivity against pancreatic cancer cells. Our analysis revealed a potent antiproliferative effect associated with mitochondrial accumulation and subsequent mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Furthermore, combination therapies involving BQACs and chemotherapeutic drugs were explored to enhance treatment efficacy. Consequently, we propose a novel combination of BQACs with metformin, resulting in enhanced cellular uptake of the latter. The synergistic effect of the combination enables a significantly lower effective dose of metformin when used alongside BQACs to achieve therapeutic outcomes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".