Optimisation of whey permeate anaerobic digestion at different inoculum to substrate ratios and initial pH values under mesophilic conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of whey permeate as anaerobic digestion (AD) feedstock presents a potential challenge for methane (CH4) production due to its acidity and high carbon content. This study investigated the optimal parameters of whey permeate AD by incorporating CH4 yield with CH4 equivalent of produced volatile fatty acids (VFAs) over volatile solid degradation to determine the mass balance of the system. Batch AD experiments were conducted at various inoculum-substrate ratios (ISRs), initial pH levels, and mesophilic temperatures. Results demonstrated that ISR influences VFA profiles regardless of the variation in temperatures and pH, with the exception at ISR 2. Mass balance analysis showed that the highest yield (1441.42 ± 43.78 NLCH4kgVS−1 degraded) was achieved in reactors operated at ISR 2, initial pH of 7.5, at 30°C. The results confirmed a dynamic effect of ISR and temperature throughout whey permeate AD. Finally, response surface methodology was employed to understand operational optimisation based on mass balance data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".