Sequential extraction, structural characterization, and biological activities of polysaccharides from olive ( <i>Olea europaea</i> L.) pomace
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Olive pomace, a by-product of olive oil production, remains underexplored despite its potential environmental and economic benefits. This study sequentially extracted three polysaccharides (OERC, OERH, and OERA) from olive pomace using water at room temperature, hot water (80 °C), and 2% Na2CO3 solution (60 °C). Characterization through UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Congo red experiment revealed that these polysaccharides are heteropolysaccharides primarily composed of glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and galactose, each with distinct molar ratios. The polysaccharides exhibited significant antioxidant activity by scavenging hydroxyl, DPPH, and superoxide radicals, with OERC showing the highest potency. They also repaired H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells, with OERC at 400 μg/mL and OERH/OERA at 200 μg/mL displaying optimal efficacy. Additionally, these polysaccharides effectively inhibited α-glucosidase activity, enhanced glucose consumption, and increased glycogen content in insulin-resistant models, thereby exerting hypoglycemic effects. Furthermore, they promoted proliferation, phagocytosis, and nitric oxide release in RAW264.7 macrophages, demonstrating immunomodulatory effects. These results indicate that sequential extraction under varying conditions is an effective method for preparing polysaccharides. The three polysaccharides isolated in this study show great potential for development as functional products with antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".